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Maternal diet during pregnancy and child weight outcomes
- Leonie Helen Bogl, Susannne Strohmaier, Heather Eliassen, Jennifer Massa, Alison Field, Jorge Chavarro, Ming Ding, Rulla Tamimi, Eva Schernhammer
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE2 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2020, E457
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Introduction
Animal studies suggest that maternal diet during pregnancy influences susceptibility to obesity in the next generation. One-carbon nutrients involved in epigenetic processes represent a possible underlying mechanism. Unfortunately, there is limited research in humans to support animal findings, and the few studies available have been limited to birth defects and weight outcomes in early infancy. The aim of this project was to examine the associations between maternal diet (diet quality indicators and one-carbon nutrients) during the period surrounding pregnancy and long-term weight outcomes in the offspring.
MethodsWe examined 2,729 mother-child pairs from the Nurses’ Health Study II and the offspring cohort Growing Up Today Study 2 (GUTS 2). Children, 12–14 years at baseline were 21–23 years at the last follow-up. Overweight was defined for youth less than 18 years of age using sex- and age-specific body mass index (BMI) cut-offs recommended by the International Obesity Task Force and for those 18 years or older as BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. Dietary information was collected by a validated 131-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and questions on supplement use. Maternal dietary patterns were calculated from FFQs using three diet quality scores – the alternate Healthy Eating Index (aHEI), Alternate Mediterranean Diet (aMED) and Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH). Log-binomial models were used to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals.
ResultsIn models adjusted for sex, gestational age at delivery and maternal total energy intake, greater maternal adherence to aMED and DASH, but not aHEI, was associated with lower overweight risk in the offspring (RRQ5 vs Q1 = 0.82 [0.70–0.97] for aMED and 0.86 [0.72–1.04] for DASH) (P for trend < 0.05 for both). After additional adjustment for maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and socio-demographic characteristic, none of the diet quality scores was significantly associated with child's birth weight or overweight risk during follow-up. Analysis with one-carbon nutrients are ongoing; we hypothesize that children born to mothers with greater intake of one-carbon nutrients have a lower risk of developing overweight compared to children of mothers with lower intake of these nutrients.
ConclusionsMaternal diet quality indices during pregnancy were not associated with child's birth weight or the risk of developing overweight at ages 12 to 23 years. Further research on maternal dietary intake during pregnancy is warranted because pregnancy offers a window of opportunity to promote behavioral change that may program the health of the next generation.
“Breakfast like a king, lunch like a prince, and dinner like a pauper”: how do European children and adolescents eat?
- Leonie Helen Bogl, Timm Intemann, Monica Hunsberger, Alfonso Siani, Stefaan De Henauw, Dénes Molnár, Luis Moreno, Michael Tornaritis, Toomas Veidebaum, Wolfgang Ahrens, Antje Hebestreit
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE2 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2020, E682
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Chrono-nutrition is an emerging field of research that focuses on the interplay between nutrition, circadian rhythms and metabolism. Most nutritional guidelines recommend regular and frequent meals for children and adolescents throughout the day. However, preliminary research, mostly in animals suggests that eating at the “wrong” time of the day and longer eating windows (and concomitant shorter fasting periods) may relate to metabolic health. This study aimed to identify meal-timing patterns of European children and adolescents in eight European countries.
We examined 1225 children and adolescents (mean age: 11.8 years, 50% boys, and 26% overweight/obese) from Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain and Sweden enrolled in the European I.Family study (2013/2014). Information on energy intake and meal-timing patterns was derived from multiple web-based 24-hour dietary recalls (proxy-assisted for children < 12 years). We used the National Cancer Institute (NCI) method to estimate individual usual intakes. Subsequently, we applied the k-means algorithm to identify clusters for meal-timing patterns. Five variables were selected for the cluster analysis: 1) Duration between first and last meal of the day (eating window in hours), 2) Proportion of daily energy intake before 11am, 3) Proportion of daily energy intake after 5pm, 4) Number of meals per day, and 5) Pre-sleep fasting time.
Three clusters, labelled “late and time-restricted”, “late and long” and “early and frequent” meal-timing patterns were identified. Similar clusters were derived when excluding energy misreporters according to Goldberg cut-offs. Children in the “early and frequent” pattern were younger, had a lower body mass index (BMI) z-score, and a longer sleep duration than children in the other two meal-timing patterns. A higher proportion of plausible energy reporters were classified into the “early and frequent” pattern than into the other two patterns. The proportion of children from Italy, Cyprus and Spain was highest in the “late and long” pattern, while the proportion of children from Belgium, Sweden, Germany and Hungary was highest in the “early and frequent” patterns, and the proportion of children from Estonia was highest in the “late and time-restricted” pattern.
In conclusion, this study identified three different meal-timing patterns in children that varied by age, BMI z-score, country, misreporting status, and sleep duration. Investigations on the associations between meal timing patterns and metabolic health in this study sample are currently ongoing.
Dietary Intake at 9 Years and Subsequent Body Mass Index in Adolescent Boys and Girls: A Study of Monozygotic Twin Pairs
- Lise Dubois, Maikol Diasparra, Leonie-Helen Bogl, Bénédicte Fontaine-Bisson, Brigitte Bédard, Richard E. Tremblay, Jaakko Kaprio, Michel Boivin
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- Journal:
- Twin Research and Human Genetics / Volume 19 / Issue 1 / February 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 January 2016, pp. 47-59
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There is a lack of evidence pointing to specific dietary elements related to weight gain and obesity prevention in childhood and adulthood. Dietary intake and obesity are both inherited and culturally transmitted, but most prospective studies on the association between diet and weight status do not take genetics into consideration. The objective of this study was to document the association between dietary intake at 9 years and subsequent Body Mass Index (BMI) in adolescent monozygotic boy and girl twin pairs. This research used data from 152 twin pairs. Dietary data were collected from two 24-hour-recall interviews with a parent and the child aged 9 years. Height and weight were obtained when the twins were aged 9, 12, 13, and 14 years. Intrapair variability analysis was performed to identify dietary elements related to BMI changes in subsequent years. BMI-discordant monozygotic twin pairs were also identified to analyze the dietary constituents that may have generated the discordance. After eliminating potential confounding genetic factors, pre-adolescent boys who ate fewer grain products and fruit and consumed more high-fat meat and milk had higher BMIs during adolescence; pre-adolescent girls who consumed more grain products and high-fat meat and milk had higher BMIs during adolescence. Energy intake (EI) at 9 years was not related to BMI in subsequent years. Our study suggests that messages and interventions directed at obesity prevention could take advantage of sex-specific designs and‚ eventually‚ genetic information.